Criacionistas contra Dawkins
No passado dia 1 surgiu no site criacionista «Creation Ministries» um artigo intitulado «Dawkins and Eugenics, a leading high priest of evolution reveals its ugly side» (1). Este artigo acusa o «ateu fanático» Dawkins de defender que não há bem nem mal, de concordar com Hitler, e promover a eugenia, citando o que Dawkins escreveu no Sunday Herald do dia 19 de Novembro (2):
«I wonder whether, some 60 years after Hitler’s death, we might at least venture to ask what the moral difference is between breeding for musical ability and forcing a child to take music lessons. Or why it is acceptable to train fast runners and high jumpers but not to breed them.»
Terrível. Estes ateus são piores que o bicho papão. É claro, não parece tão terrível se lermos o resto do parágrafo, que os criacionistas não citaram. Dawkins continua:
«I can think of some answers, and they are good ones, which would probably end up persuading me. But hasn’t the time come when we should stop being frightened even to put the question?»
Afinal parece que Dawkins não considera a eugenia uma boa ideia. O que ele propõe é que se ponha de parte o terror inspirado pelo nazismo e não se tenha medo da pergunta: se pudermos influenciar o património genético dos nossos filhos, devemos fazê-lo ou deixá-lo à sorte?
Numa crítica cinco vezes maior que o artigo criticado, os criacionistas acusam Dawkins e os ateus de não terem valores, de defender a eugenia, e tiram uma citação do contexto para dar uma ideia completamente diferente do que o autor pretendia. Isto revela um atributo curioso dos criacionistas. Apresentam-se como defensores da Verdade, mas têm muito pouco respeito pela verdade.
(1) Carl Wieland, 1-12-06, Dawkins and Eugenics, a leading high priest of evolution reveals its ugly side
(2) Richard Dawkins, 19-11-06, Eugenics may not be bad
Faz-me lembrar a luta dos "puros americanos" contra o "eixo do mal"
ResponderEliminarEstas citações de evolucionistas são dignas de comentários. Estarão fora do contexto? "It is, however, very difficult to establish the precise lines of descent,
ResponderEliminartermed phylogenies, for most organisms." (Ayala, F. J. and Valentine J. W.,
Evolving: The Theory and Process of Organic Evolution, 1978, p. 230)
"Undeniably, the fossil record has provided disappointingly few gradual series.
The origins of many groups are still not documented at all." (Futuyma, D.,
Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, 1983, p. 190-191)
"There is still a tremendous problem with the sudden diversification of
multi-cellular life. There is no question about that. That's a real
phenomenon." (Niles Eldredge, quoted in Darwin's Enigma: Fossils and Other
Problems by Luther D. Sunderland, Master Book Publishers, Santee, California,
1988, p. 45)
"Whatever ideas authorities may have on the subject, the lungfishes, like every
other major group of fishes that I know, have their origins firmly based in
nothing." (Quoted in W. R. Bird, _The Origin of Species Revisited_ [Nashville:
Regency, 1991; originally published by Philosophical Library, 1987], 1:62-63)
"The main problem with such phyletic gradualism is that the fossil record
provides so little evidence for it. Very rarely can we trace the gradual
transformation of one entire species into another through a finely graded
sequence of intermediary forms." (Gould, S.J. Luria, S.E. & Singer, S., A View
of Life, 1981, p. 641)
"It should come as no surprise that it would be extremely difficult to find a
specific fossil species that is both intermediate in morphology between two
other taxa and is also in the appropriate stratigraphic position." (Cracraft,
J., "Systematics, Comparative Biology, and the Case Against Creationism," 1983,
p. 180)
"Most families, orders, classes, and phyla appear rather suddenly in the fossil
record, often without anatomically intermediate forms smoothly interlinking
evolutionarily derived descendant taxa with their presumed ancestors."
(Eldredge, N., 1989, Macro-Evolutionary Dynamics: Species, Niches, and Adaptive
Peaks, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, p. 22)
"Species that were once thought to have turned into others have been found to
overlap in time with these alleged descendants. In fact, the fossil record does
not convincingly document a single transition from one species to another."
(Stanley, S.M., The New Evolutionary Timetable: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin
of Species, 1981, p. 95)
"Many fossils have been collected since 1859, tons of them, yet the impact they
have had on our understanding of the relationships between living organisms is
barely perceptible. ...In fact, I do not think it unfair to say that fossils,
or at least the traditional interpretation of fossils, have clouded rather than
clarified our attempts to reconstruct phylogeny." (Fortey, P. L.,
"Neontological Analysis Versus Palaeontological Stores," 1982, p. 120-121)
"Indeed, it is the chief frustration of the fossil record that we do not have
empirical evidence for sustained trends in the evolution of most complex
morphological adaptations." (Gould, Stephen J. and Eldredge, Niles, "Species
Selection: Its Range and Power," 1988, p. 19)
"The paleontological data is consistent with the view that all of the currently
recognized phyla had evolved by about 525 million years ago. Despite half a
billion years of evolutionary exploration generated in Cambrian time, no new
phylum level designs have appeared since then." ("Developmental Evolution of
Metazoan Body plans: The Fossil Evidence," Valentine, Erwin, and Jablonski,
Developmental Biology 173, Article No. 0033, 1996, p. 376)
"Many 'trends' singled out by evolutionary biologists are ex post facto
rendering of phylogenetic history: biologists may simply pick out species at
different points in geological time that seem to fit on some line of
directional modification through time. Many trends, in other words, may exist
more in the minds of the analysts than in phylogenetic history. This is
particularly so in situations, especially common prior to about 1970, in which
analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among species was incompletely or
poorly done." (Eldredge, Niles, Macro-Evolutionary Dynamics: Species, Niches,
and Adaptive Peaks, 1989, p. 134)
"The Eldredge-Gould concept of punctuated equilibria has gained wide acceptance
among paleontologists. It attempts to account for the following paradox: Within
continuously sampled lineages, one rarely finds the gradual morphological
trends predicted by Darwinian evolution; rather, change occurs with the sudden
appearance of new, well-differentiated species. Eldredge and Gould equate such
appearances with speciation, although the details of these events are not
preserved. ...The punctuated equilibrium model has been widely accepted, not
because it has a compelling theoretical basis but because it appears to resolve
a dilemma. Apart from the obvious sampling problems inherent to the
observations that stimulated the model, and apart from its intrinsic
circularity (one could argue that speciation can occur only when phyletic
change is rapid, not vice versa), the model is more ad hoc explanation than
theory, and it rests on shaky ground." (Ricklefs, Robert E., "Paleontologists
Confronting Macroevolution," Science, vol. 199, 1978, p. 59)
"Few paleontologists have, I think ever supposed that fossils, by themselves,
provide grounds for the conclusion that evolution has occurred. An examination
of the work of those paleontologists who have been particularly concerned with
the relationship between paleontology and evolutionary theory, for example that
of G. G. Simpson and S. J. Gould, reveals a mindfulness of the fact that the
record of evolution, like any other historical record, must be construed within
a complex of particular and general preconceptions not the least of which is
the hypothesis that evolution has occurred. ...The fossil record doesn't even
provide any evidence in support of Darwinian theory except in the weak sense
that the fossil record is compatible with it, just as it is compatible with
other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories and special creationist
theories and even historical theories." (Kitts, David B., "Search for the Holy
Transformation," review of Evolution of Living Organisms, by Pierre-P. Grassé,
Paleobiology, vol. 5, 1979, p. 353-354)
Stasis and Sudden Appearance
"Paleontologists have paid an enormous price for Darwin's argument. We fancy
ourselves as the only true students of life's history, yet to preserve our
favored account of evolution by natural selection we view our data as so bad
that we almost never see the very process we profess to study. ...The history
of most fossil species includes tow features particularly inconsistent with
gradualism: 1. Stasis. Most species exhibit no directional change during
their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same
as when they disappear; morphological change I usually limited and
directionless. 2. Sudden appearance. In any local area, a species does not
arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all
at once and 'fully formed.'" (Gould, Stephen J. The Panda's Thumb, 1980, p.
181-182)
"Paleontologists are traditionally famous (or infamous) for reconstructing whole
animals from the debris of death. Mostly they cheat. ...If any event in life's
history resembles man's creation myths, it is this sudden diversification of
marine life when multicellular organisms took over as the dominant actors in
ecology and evolution. Baffling (and embarrassing) to Darwin, this event still
dazzles us and stands as a major biological revolution on a par with the
invention of self-replication and the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The animal
phyla emerged out of the Precambrian mists with most of the attributes of their
modern descendants." (Bengtson, Stefan, "The Solution to a Jigsaw Puzzle,"
Nature, vol. 345 (June 28, 1990), p. 765-766)
"Modern multicellular animals make their first uncontested appearance in the
fossil record some 570 million years ago - and with a bang, not a protracted
crescendo. This 'Cambrian explosion' marks the advent (at least into direct
evidence) of virtually all major groups of modern animals - and all within the
minuscule span, geologically speaking, of a few million years." (Gould,
Stephen J., Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, 1989,
p. 23-24)
"The fossil record had caused Darwin more grief than joy. Nothing distressed him
more than the Cambrian explosion, the coincident appearance of almost all
complex organic designs..." (Gould, Stephen J., The Panda's Thumb, 1980, p.
238-239)
"The majority of major groups appear suddenly in the rocks, with virtually no
evidence of transition from their ancestors." (Futuyma, D., Science on Trial:
The Case for Evolution, 1983, p. 82)
"Most families, orders, classes, and phyla appear rather suddenly in the fossil
record, often without anatomically intermediate forms smoothly interlinking
evolutionarily derived descendant taxa with their presumed ancestors."
(Eldredge, (Eldredge, Niles, Macro-Evolutionary Dynamics: Species, Niches, and
Adaptive Peaks, 1989, p. 22)
"In spite of these examples, it remains true, as every paleontologist knows,
that most new species, genera, and families, and that nearly all new categories
above the level of families, appear in the record suddenly and are not led up
to by known, gradual, completely continuous transitional sequences." (Simpson,
George Gaylord, The Major Features of Evolution, 1953, p. 360)
"The gaps in the record are real, however. The absence of any record of any
important branching is quite phenomenal. Species are usually static, or nearly
so, for long periods, species seldom and genera never show evolution into new
species or genera but replacement or one by another, and change is more or less
abrupt." (Wesson, R., Beyond Natural Selection, 1991, p. 45)
"All through the fossil record, groups - both large and small - abruptly appear
and disappear. ...The earliest phase of rapid change usually is undiscovered,
and must be inferred by comparison with its probable relatives." (Newell, N.
D., Creation and Evolution: Myth or Reality, 1984, p. 10)
"Paleontologists had long been aware of a seeming contradiction between Darwin's
postulate of gradualism...and the actual findings of paleontology. Following
phyletic lines through time seemed to reveal only minimal gradual changes but
no clear evidence for any change of a species into a different genus or for the
gradual origin of an evolutionary novelty. Anything truly novel always seemed
to appear quite abruptly in the fossil record." (Mayr, E., Our Long Argument:
Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought, 1991, p. 138)
"The record certainly did not reveal gradual transformations of structure in the
course of time. On the contrary, it showed that species generally remained
constant throughout their history and were replaced quite suddenly by
significantly different forms. New types or classes seemed to appear fully
formed, with no sign of an evolutionary trend by which they could have emerged
from an earlier type." (Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea, 1984, p.
187)
"Instead of finding the gradual unfolding of life, what geologists of Darwin's
time, and geologists of the present day actually find is a highly uneven or
jerky record; that is, species appear in the sequence very suddenly, show
little or no change during their existence in the record, then abruptly go out
of the record. and it is not always clear, in fact it's rarely clear, that the
descendants were actually better adapted than their predecessors. In other
words, biological improvement is hard to find." (Raup, David M., "Conflicts
Between Darwin and Paleontology," Bulletin, Field Museum of Natural History,
vol. 50, 1979, p. 23)
"A major problem in proving the theory (of evolution) has been the fossil
record; the imprints of vanished species preserved in the Earth's geological
formations. This record has never revealed traces of Darwin's hypothetical
intermediate variants instead species appear and disappear abruptly, and this
anomaly has fueled the creationist argument that each species was created by
God." (Czarnecki, Mark, "The Revival of the Creationist Crusade", MacLean's,
January 19, 1981, p. 56)
"Eldredge and Gould, by contrast, decided to take the record at face value. On
this view, there is little evidence of modification within species, or of forms
intermediate between species because neither generally occurred. A species
forms and evolves almost instantaneously (on the geological timescale) and then
remains virtually unchanged until it disappears, yielding its habitat to a new
species." (Smith, Peter J., "Evolution's Most Worrisome Questions," Review of
Life Pulse by Niles Eldredge, New Scientist, 1987, p. 59)
"The principle problem is morphological stasis. A theory is only as good as its
predictions, and conventional neo-Darwinism, which claims to be a comprehensive
explanation of evolutionary process, has failed to predict the widespread
long-term morphological stasis now recognized as one of the most striking
aspects of the fossil record." (Williamson, Peter G., "Morphological Stasis and
Developmental Constraint: Real Problems for Neo-Darwinism," Nature, Vol. 294,
19 November 1981, p. 214)
"It is a simple ineluctable truth that virtually all members of a biota remain
basically stable, with minor fluctuations, throughout their duration..."
(Eldredge, Niles, The Pattern of Evolution, 1998, p. 157)
"But fossil species remain unchanged throughout most of their history and the
record fails to contain a single example of a significant transition."
(Woodroff, D.S., Science, vol. 208, 1980, p. 716)
"We have long known about stasis and abrupt appearance, but have chosen to fob
it off upon an imperfect fossil record." (Gould, Stephen J., "The Paradox of
the First Tier: An Agenda for Paleobiology," Paleobiology, 1985, p. 7)
"Paleontologists ever since Darwin have been searching (largely in vain) for the
sequences of insensibly graded series of fossils that would stand as examples
of the sort of wholesale transformation of species that Darwin envisioned as
the natural product of the evolutionary process. Few saw any reason to demur -
though it is a startling fact that ...most species remain recognizably
themselves, virtually unchanged throughout their occurrence in geological
sediments of various ages." (Eldredge, Niles, "Progress in Evolution?" New
Scientist, vol. 110, 1986, p. 55)
"In other words, when the assumed evolutionary processes did not match the
pattern of fossils that they were supposed to have generated, the pattern was
judged to be 'wrong.' A circular argument arises: interpret the fossil record
in terms of a particular theory of evolution, inspect the interpretation, and
note that it confirms the theory. Well, it would, wouldn't it? ...As is now
well known, most fossil species appear instantaneously in the record, persist
for some millions of years virtually unchanged, only to disappear abruptly -
the 'punctuated equilibrium' pattern of Eldredge and Gould." (Kemp, Tom S., "A
Fresh Look at the Fossil Record," New Scientist, vol. 108, 1985, p. 66-67)
"The old Darwinian view of evolution as a ladder of more and more efficient
forms leading up to the present is not borne out by the evidence. Most changes
are random rather than systematic modifications, until species drop out. There
is no sign of directed order here. Trends do occur in many lines, but they are
not the rule." (Newell, N. D., "Systematics and Evolution," 1984, p. 10)
"Well-represented species are usually stable throughout their temporal range, or
alter so little and in such superficial ways (usually in size alone), that an
extrapolation of observed change into longer periods of geological time could
not possibly yield the extensive modifications that mark general pathways of
evolution in larger groups. Most of the time, when the evidence is best,
nothing much happens to most species." (Gould Stephen J., "Ten Thousand Acts of
Kindness," Natural History, 1988, p. 14)
"Stasis, or nonchange, of most fossil species during their lengthy geological
lifespans was tacitly acknowledged by all paleontologists, but almost never
studied explicitly because prevailing theory treated stasis as uninteresting
nonevidence for nonevolution. ...The overwhelming prevalence of stasis became
an embarrassing feature of the fossil record, best left ignored as a
manifestation of nothing (that is, nonevolution). (Gould, Stephen J.,
"Cordelia's Dilemma," Natural History, 1993, p. 15)
"Paleontologists just were not seeing the expected changes in their fossils as
they pursued them up through the rock record. ...That individual kinds of
fossils remain recognizably the same throughout the length of their occurrence
in the fossil record had been known to paleontologists long before Darwin
published his Origin. Darwin himself, ...prophesied that future generations of
paleontologists would fill in these gaps by diligent search ...One hundred and
twenty years of paleontological research later, it has become abundantly clear
that the fossil record will not confirm this part of Darwin's predictions. Nor
is the problem a miserably poor record. The fossil record simply shows that
this prediction is wrong. ...The observation that species are amazingly
conservative and static entities throughout long periods of time has all the
qualities of the emperor's new clothes: everyone knew it but preferred to
ignore it. Paleontologists, faced with a recalcitrant record obstinately
refusing to yield Darwin's predicted pattern, simply looked the other way."
(Eldredge, N. and Tattersall, I., The Myths of Human Evolution, 1982, p. 45-46)
Large Gaps
"We have so many gaps in the evolutionary history of life, gaps in such key
areas as the origin of the multi-cellular organisms, the origin of the
vertebrates, not to mention the origins of most invertebrate groups." (McGowan,
C., In the Beginning... A Scientist Shows Why the Creationists are Wrong,
Prometheus Books, 1984, p. 95)
"There are all sorts of gaps: absence of gradationally intermediate
'transitional' forms between species, but also between larger groups - between,
say, families of carnivores, or the orders of mammals. In fact, the higher up
the Linnaean hierarchy you look, the fewer transitional forms there seem to
be." (Eldredge, Niles, The Monkey Business: A Scientist Looks at Creationism,
1982, p. 65)
"It is as though they [fossils] were just planted there, without any
evolutionary history. Needless to say this appearance of sudden planting has
delighted creationists. ...Both schools of thought (Punctuationists and
Gradualists) despise so-called scientific creationists equally, and both agree
that the major gaps are real, that they are true imperfections in the fossil
record. The only alternative explanation of the sudden appearance of so many
complex animal types in the Cambrian era is divine creation and (we) both
reject this alternative." (Dawkins, Richard, The Blind Watchmaker, W.W. Norton
& Company, New York, 1996, p. 229-230)
"All paleontologists know that the fossil record contains precious little in the
way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are
characteristically abrupt. Gradualists usually extract themselves from this
dilemma by invoking the extreme imperfection of the fossil record." (Gould,
Stephen J., The Panda's Thumb, 1980, p. 189)
"One of the most surprising negative results of paleontological research in the
last century is that such transitional forms seem to be inordinately scarce. In
Darwin's time this could perhaps be ascribed with some justification to the
incompleteness of the paleontological record and to lack of knowledge, but with
the enormous number of fossil species which have been discovered since then,
other causes must be found for the almost complete absence of transitional
forms." (Brouwer, A., "General Paleontology," [1959], Transl. Kaye R.H.,
Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh & London, 1967, p. 162-163)
"There is no need to apologize any longer for the poverty of the fossil record.
In some ways it has become almost unmanageably rich, and discovery is
out-pacing integration. The fossil record nevertheless continues to be
composed mainly of gaps." (Neville, George, T., "Fossils in Evolutionary
Perspective," Science Progress, vol. 48 January 1960, p. 1-3)
"The record jumps, and all the evidence shows that the record is real: the gaps
we see reflect real events in life's history not the artifact of a poor fossil
record...The fossil record flatly fails to substantiate this expectation of
finely graded change." (Eldredge, N. and Tattersall, I., The Myths of Human
Evolution Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 59, 163)
"Gaps between families and taxa of even higher rank could not be so easily
explained as the mere artifacts of a poor fossil record." (Eldredge, Niles,
Macro-Evolutionary Dynamics: Species, Niches, and Adaptive Peaks, 1989, p. 22)
"The fossil record is much less incomplete than is generally accepted." (Paul,
C.R.C, "The Adequacy of the Fossil Record," 1982, p. 75)
"Links are missing just where we most fervently desire them, and it is all too
probable that many 'links' will continue to be missing." (Jepsen, L. Glenn;
Mayr, Ernst; Simpson George Gaylord. Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution, New
York, Athenaeum, 1963, p. 114)
"For over a hundred years paleontologists have recognized the large number of
gaps in the fossil record. Creationists make it seem like gaps are a deep, dark
secret of paleontology..." (Cracraft, in Awbrey & Thwaites, Evolutionists
Confront Creationists", 1984)
"In any case, no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses
the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed
to special creation." (Ridley, Mark, "Who doubts evolution?" "New Scientist",
vol. 90, 25 June 1981, p. 831)
"The absence of fossil evidence for intermediary stages between major
transitions in organic design, indeed our inability, even in our imagination,
to construct functional intermediates in many cases, has been a persistent and
nagging problem for gradualist accounts of evolution." (Gould, Stephen J.,
'Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?' Paleobiology, vol 6(1),
January 1980, p. 127)
"The curious thing is that there is a consistency about the fossil gaps; the
fossils are missing in all the important places." (Hitching, Francis, The Neck
of the Giraffe or Where Darwin Went Wrong, Penguin Books, 1982, p.19)
"If life had evolved into its wondrous profusion of creatures little by little,
Dr. Eldredge argues, then one would expect to find fossils of transitional
creatures which were a bit like what went before them and a bit like what came
after. But no one has yet found any evidence of such transitional creatures.
This oddity has been attributed to gaps in the fossil record which gradualists
expected to fill when rock strata of the proper age had been found. In the
last decade, however, geologists have found rock layers of all divisions of the
last 500 million years and no transitional forms were contained in them." (The
Guardian Weekly, 26 Nov 1978, vol 119, no 22, p. 1)
"Given that evolution, according to Darwin, was in a continual state of
motion...it followed logically that the fossil record should be rife with
examples of transitional forms leading from the less to more evolved.
...Instead of filling the gaps in the fossil record with so-called missing
links, most paleontologists found themselves facing a situation in which there
were only gaps in the fossil record, with no evidence of transformational
intermediates between documented fossil species." (Schwartz, Jeffrey H., Sudden
Origins, 1999, p. 89)
"Despite the bright promise that paleontology provides a means of "seeing"
evolution, it has presented some nasty difficulties for evolutionists the most
notorious of which is the presence of "gaps" in the fossil record. Evolution
requires intermediate forms between species and paleontology does not provide
them. The gaps must therefore be a contingent feature of the record." (Kitts,
David B., "Paleontology and Evolutionary Theory," Evolution, vol. 28, 1974, p.
467)
"A persistent problem in evolutionary biology has been the absence of
intermediate forms in the fossil record. Long term gradual transformations of
single lineages are rare and generally involve simple size increase or trivial
phenotypic effects. Typically, the record consists of successive
ancestor-descendant lineages, morphologically invariant through time and
unconnected by intermediates." (Williamson, P.G., Palaeontological
Documentation of Speciation in Cenozoic Molluscs from Turkana Basin, 1982, p.
163)
Miscellaneous
"All of us who study the origin of life find that the more we look into it, the
more we feel that it is too complex to have evolved anywhere. We believe as an
article of faith that life evolved from dead matter on this planet. It is just
that its complexity is so great, it is hard for us to imagine that it did."
(Urey, Harold C., quoted in Christian Science Monitor, January 4, 1962, p. 4)
"If living matter is not, then, caused by the interplay of atoms, natural forces
and radiation, how has it come into being? I think, however, that we must go
further than this and admit that the only acceptable explanation is creation.
I know that this is anathema to physicists, as indeed it is to me, but we must
not reject a theory that we do not like if the experimental evidence supports
it." (H.J. Lipson, F.R.S. Professor of Physics, University of Manchester, UK,
"A physicist looks at evolution" Physics Bulletin, 1980, vol 31, p. 138)
"To the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of special
creation. Can you imagine how an orchid, a duck weed, and a palm have come
from the same ancestry, and have we any evidence for this assumption? The
evolutionist must be prepared with an answer, but I think that most would break
down before an inquisition." (E.J.H. Corner "Evolution" in A.M. MacLeod and
L.S. Cobley, eds., Evolution in Contemporary Botanical Thought, Chicago, IL:
Quadrangle Books, 1961, at 95, 97 from Bird, I, p. 234)
"The more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution
is based on faith alone; exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary
to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion." (More, Louis T.,
"The Dogma of Evolution," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ, 1925,
Second Printing, p.160)
"At the present stage of geological research, we have to admit that there is
nothing in the geological records that runs contrary to the view of
conservative creationists, that God created each species separately, presumably
from the dust of the earth." (Dr. Edmund J. Ambrose, The Nature and Origin of
the Biological World, John Wiley & Sons, 1982, p. 164)
"One of its (evolutions) weak points is that it does not have any recognizable
way in which conscious life could have emerged." (Sir John Eccles, "A Divine
Design: Some Questions on Origins" in Margenau and Varghese (eds.), Cosmos,
Bios, Theos, p. 203)
"I am convinced, moreover, that Darwinism, in whatever form, is not in fact a
scientific theory, but a pseudo-metaphysical hypothesis decked out in
scientific garb. In reality the theory derives its support not from empirical
data or logical deductions of a scientific kind but from the circumstance that
it happens to be the only doctrine of biological origins that can be conceived
with the constricted worldview to which a majority of scientists no doubt
subscribe." (Wolfgang, Smith, "The Universe is Ultimately to be Explained in
Terms of a Metacosmic Reality" in Margenau and Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios,
Theos, p. 113)
"The origin of life is still a mystery. As long as it has not been demonstrated
by experimental realization, I cannot conceive of any physical or chemical
condition [allowing evolution]...I cannot be satisfied by the idea that
fortuitous mutation...can explain the complex and rational organization of the
brain, but also of lungs, heart, kidneys, and even joints and muscles. How is
it possible to escape the idea of some intelligent and organizing force?"
(d'Aubigne, Merle, "How Is It Possible to Escape the Idea of Some Intelligent
and Organizing Force?" in Margenau and Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios, Theos, p.
158)
"Life, even in bacteria, is too complex to have occurred by chance." (Rubin,
Harry, "Life, Even in Bacteria, Is Too Complex to Have Occurred by Chance" in
Margenau and Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios, Theos, p. 203)
"The third assumption was the Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoa and the higher animals
were all interrelated...We have as yet no definite evidence about the way in
which the Viruses, Bacteria or Protozoa are interrelated." (Kerkut, G.A.,
Implications of Evolution, Pergammon Press, 1960, p. 151)
"Scientists have no proof that life was not the result of an act of creation,
but they are driven by the nature of their profession to seek explanations for
the origin of life that lie within the boundaries of natural law. They ask
themselves, "How did life arise out of inanimate matter? And what is the
probability of that happening?" And to their chagrin they have no clear-cut
answer, because chemists have never succeeded in reproducing nature's
experiments on the creation of life out of nonliving matter. Scientists do not
know how that happened, and furthermore, they do not know the chance of its
happening. Perhaps the chance is very small, and the appearance of life on a
planet is an event of miraculously low probability. Perhaps life on the earth
is unique in this Universe. No scientific evidence precludes that
possibility." (Jastrow, Robert, The Enchanted Loom: Mind In the Universe,
1981, p. 19)
"...we have proffered a collective tacit acceptance of the story of gradual
adaptive change, a story that strengthened and became even more entrenched as
the synthesis took hold. We paleontologists have said that the history of life
supports that interpretation, all the while really knowing that it does not."
(Eldredge, Niles "Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the
Theory of Punctuated Equilibria," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, 1985, p. 44)
"With the benefit of hindsight, it is amazing that paleontologists could have
accepted gradual evolution as a universal pattern on the basis of a handful of
supposedly well-documented lineages (e.g. Gryphaea, Micraster, Zaphrentis) none
of which actually withstands close scrutiny." (Paul, C. R. C., 1989, "Patterns
of Evolution and Extinction in Invertebrates", Allen, K. C. and Briggs, D. E.
G. (editors), Evolution and the Fossil Record, Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D. C., 1989, p. 105)
"The rapid development as far as we can judge of all the higher plants within
recent geological times is an abominable mystery." (Darwin, Charles R., letter
to J.D. Hooker, July 22nd 1879, in Darwin F. & Seward A.C., eds., "More Letters
of Charles Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished
Papers," John Murray: London, 1903, Vol. II, p. 20-21)
"An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only
state that, in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be
almost a miracle. So many are the conditions which would have had to have been
satisfied to get it going. But this should not be taken to imply that there
are good reasons to believe that it could not have started on the earth by a
perfectly reasonable sequence of fairly ordinary chemical reactions. The plain
fact is that the time available was too long, the many microenvironments on the
earth's surface too diverse, the various chemical possibilities too numerous
and our own knowledge and imagination too feeble to allow us to be able to
unravel exactly how it might or might not have happened such a long time ago,
especially as we have no experimental evidence from that era to check our ideas
against." (Francis Crick, Life Itself, Its Origin and Nature, 1981, p. 88)
"The number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed must be truly
enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of
such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely
graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps is the most obvious and serious
objection which can be urged against the theory." (Darwin, Charles, Origin of
Species, 6th edition, 1902 p. 341-342)
"Often a cold shudder has run through me, and I have asked myself whether I may
have not devoted myself to a fantasy." (Charles Darwin, The Life and Letters of
Charles Darwin, 1887, Vol. 2, p. 229)
"The geological record has provided no evidence as to the origin of the fishes."
(Norman, J., A History of Fishes, 1963, p. 298)
"None of the known fishes is thought to be directly ancestral to the earliest
land vertebrates." (Stahl, B., Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution,
Dover Publications, Inc., NY, 1985, p. 148)
"The pathetic thing is that we have scientists who are trying to prove
evolution, which no scientist can ever prove." (Millikan, Robert A., Nashville
Banner, August 7, 1925, quoted in Brewer's lecture)
E temos aqui o record do guiness do comentario mais longo do mundo...
ResponderEliminar(estou a brincar Machado)
Caro Jónatas,
ResponderEliminarAlgumas estarão fora do contexto, outras desactualizadas, outras simplesmente erradas, e outras possivelmente certas, mas em geral fazem parte do processo colectivo que é a ciência, para o qual é fundamental a diversidade de ideias e hipóteses.
Se quiser que aprofunde algum, posso fazê-lo. Entretanto aqui:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/part1-1.html
Pode encontrar informação acerca de alguns que estão fora do contexto.
Uma verdadeira homenagem ao copy-pastismo.
ResponderEliminarO link do Sunday não funciona
ResponderEliminarObrigado João. Já corrigi, espero que este dure mais tempo.
ResponderEliminar«I wonder whether, some 60 years after Hitler’s death, we might at least venture to ask what the moral difference is between breeding for musical ability and forcing a child to take music lessons. Or why it is acceptable to train fast runners and high jumpers but not to breed them.»
ResponderEliminarTerrível. Estes ateus são piores que o bicho papão. É claro, não parece tão terrível se lermos o resto do parágrafo, que os criacionistas não citaram. Dawkins continua:
«I can think of some answers, and they are good ones, which would probably end up persuading me. But hasn’t the time come when we should stop being frightened even to put the question?»
Afinal parece que Dawkins não considera a eugenia uma boa ideia. O que ele propõe é que se ponha de parte o terror inspirado pelo nazismo e não se tenha medo da pergunta: se pudermos influenciar o património genético dos nossos filhos, devemos fazê-lo ou deixá-lo à sorte?
Numa crítica cinco vezes maior que o artigo criticado, os criacionistas acusam Dawkins e os ateus de não terem valores, de defender a eugenia, e tiram uma citação do contexto para dar uma ideia completamente diferente do que o autor pretendia. Isto revela um atributo curioso dos criacionistas. Apresentam-se como defensores da Verdade, mas têm muito pouco respeito pela verdade.
(1) Carl Wieland, 1-12-06, Dawkins and Eugenics, a leading high priest of evolution reveals its ugly side
(2) Richard Dawkins, 19-11-06, Eugenics may not be bad
Por Ludwig Krippahl às 2:36 PM
Pode conter vestígios de: criacionismo
7 comments: In spite of these examples, it remains true, as every paleontologist knows,
that most new species, genera, and families, and that nearly all new categories
above the level of families, appear in the record suddenly and are not led up
to by known, gradual, completely continuous transitional sequences." (Simpson,
George Gaylord, The Major Features of Evolution, 1953, p. 360)
"The gaps in the record are real, however. The absence of any record of any
important branching is quite phenomenal. Species are usually static, or nearly
so, for long periods, species seldom and genera never show evolution into new
species or genera but replacement or one by another, and change is more or less
abrupt." (Wesson, R., Beyond Natural Selection, 1991, p. 45)
"All through the fossil record, groups - both large and small - abruptly appear
and disappear. ...The earliest phase of rapid change usually is undiscovered,
and must be inferred by comparison with its probable relatives." (Newell, N.
D., Creation and Evolution: Myth or Reality, 1984, p. 10)
citações em barda....Luis Pestana disse...
E temos aqui o record do guiness do comentario mais longo do mundo...
(estou a brincar Machado)
disse...
Uma verdadeira homenagem ao copy-pastismo.
20/12/"To the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of special
creation. Can you imagine how an orchid, a duck weed, and a palm have come
from the same ancestry, and have we any evidence for this assumption? The
evolutionist must be prepared with an answer, but I think that most would break
down before an inquisition." (E.J.H. Corner "Evolution" in A.M. MacLeod and
L.S. Cobley, eds., Evolution in Contemporary Botanical Thought, Chicago, IL:
Quadrangle Books, 1961, at 95, 97 from Bird, I, p. 234)
"The more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution
is based on faith alone; exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary
to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion." (More, Louis T.,
"The Dogma of Evolution," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ, 1925,
Second Printing, p.160)
50 p /copy
its complexity is so great, it is hard for us to imagine that it did."
(Urey, Harold C., quoted in Christian Science Monitor...oh boy